Gene Editing for Sickle Cell: Hope, Hurdles, and Health Equity        

This visit highlights the importance of Singapore as a key strategic partner for India in Southeast Asia, reflecting both countries’ commitment to strengthening their relationship. It also showcases India’s proactive approach in engaging with significant partners to address common regional and global challenges.

 UPSC CSE Mains Question     

Discuss the strategic significance of India-Singapore relations in the context of evolving geopolitical dynamics in the Indo-Pacific region. Evaluate how enhanced bilateral ties between India and Singapore can contribute to regional stability and security.

 Why in the News?  

External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar’s recent meetings with Singapore’s Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and other senior ministers to enhance strategic bilateral ties and discuss regional issues in the Indo-Pacific and West Asia.

Background  

India and Singapore share a strong and multi-faceted relationship, characterized by extensive economic, military, and cultural interactions. This visit by External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar underscores the ongoing efforts to further strengthen these ties amidst evolving geopolitical dynamics.

Key Points of the News

1. Enhancing Bilateral Relations:
   • The meetings aimed at furthering the already strong bilateral relations between India and Singapore, with discussions on various aspects of mutual interest.
2. Economic Cooperation:
   • A significant focus was on economic cooperation, as highlighted by Jaishankar’s engagement with investors and talks on the manufacturing sector and the potential for collaboration in building a semiconductor-led industry.
3. Regional Stability:
   • The discussions on the Indo-Pacific and West Asia signify the importance of these regions for both countries, especially concerning maritime security, trade routes, and regional stability.
4. Security and Defense:
   • The involvement of senior ministers in the talks, including the Coordinating Minister for National Security, underscores the emphasis on security and defense cooperation.

Important Terms Meaning

1. Bilateral Ties:
   • Diplomatic relations between two countries.
2. Indo-Pacific:
   • A geopolitical region encompassing the Indian Ocean and the western and central Pacific Ocean, including the South China Sea.
3. Strategic Bilateral Ties:
   • Diplomatic relationships focused on long-term strategic interests, including economic, defense, and geopolitical cooperation.

Way Forward

Continued high-level engagements and the implementation of agreed-upon initiatives will be crucial for further deepening the strategic partnership. Additionally, expanding cooperation in new areas such as technology, innovation, and cybersecurity can provide new impetus to bilateral ties.

UPSC CSE Prelims Question

1. What was a key focus of External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar’s visit to Singapore?

a. Only to enhance military cooperation

b. To discuss regional issues in the Indo-Pacific and West Asia

c. Solely to attract investment in India's agriculture sector

d. To negotiate a free trade agreement

Answer: b. To discuss regional issues in the Indo-Pacific and West Asia


2. Which of the following best describes the Indo-Pacific region in the context of Jaishankar’s discussions?

a. A region exclusive to the Pacific Ocean

b. A geopolitical concept including the Indian Ocean and central Pacific Ocean

c. An area focusing solely on the South China Sea

d. A term used to describe India’s inland waterways

Answer: b. A geopolitical concept including the Indian Ocean and central Pacific Ocean.    

Inaccessibility and Cost Cripple Efforts to Treat Sickle Cell Disease                

This situation underscores the urgent need to address healthcare inequities, especially for marginalized communities affected by genetic disorders like SCD. It highlights the importance of making advanced treatments accessible and affordable while ensuring that basic healthcare needs are met.

UPSC CSE Mains Question    

Evaluate the challenges and ethical considerations involved in implementing advanced genetic therapies like CRISPR for treating inherited genetic disorders such as sickle cell disease in India. Discuss the implications for healthcare equity and access, especially for marginalized communities.

Why in the News?    

The challenges faced in treating sickle cell disease (SCD), particularly among marginalized tribal communities, highlight the critical issues of inaccessibility, high treatment costs, and the under-resourced health system in India.      

Background

Sickle cell disease is a genetic blood disorder causing severe health complications. Despite the advancements in medical science, the availability and affordability of treatments such as CRISPR gene-editing technology and bone marrow transplantation remain out of reach for many, exacerbating the health inequities faced by underprivileged populations.

Key Points of the News

1. The high prevalence of SCD in India, especially in tribal communities, calls for immediate attention to improve healthcare access and treatment options.
2. Advanced treatments like CRISPR and BMT are prohibitively expensive, with costs ranging from $2–3 million, making them inaccessible to most patients in need.
3. The Indian government’s efforts, including the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission, aim to eliminate SCD by 2047, but challenges in drug availability, diagnostics, and treatment equity persist.
4. Ethical and legal considerations surrounding gene-editing technologies like CRISPR in India require careful deliberation to ensure equitable access to these potentially life-saving treatments.

Important Terms Meaning

1. Sickle Cell Disease (SCD):
   • A genetic disorder characterized by the production of abnormal hemoglobin, leading to sickle-shaped red blood cells.
2. CRISPR:
   • A revolutionary gene-editing technology used for correcting genetic defects.
3. Hydroxyurea:
   • A medication that reduces the frequency of painful episodes in SCD patients.
4. Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT):
   • A procedure to replace damaged bone marrow with healthy bone marrow, potentially curing SCD.   

Way Forward  

• Strengthening the healthcare infrastructure to ensure the availability of essential medications and treatments for SCD at all levels of care.
• Increasing investment in research and development to make advanced treatments like CRISPR more affordable and accessible.
• Implementing comprehensive policies that prioritize equity in healthcare access and treatment, including community involvement and patient advocacy in decision-making processes.  

UPSC CSE Prelims Question

1. Which of the following treatments for Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is noted for its high cost, potentially reaching up to $2–3 million?

a. Hydroxyurea therapy

b. Regular blood transfusions

c. CRISPR gene-editing technology

d. Dietary supplements

Answer: c. CRISPR gene-editing technology



2. What is the primary goal of the National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission launched by the Government of India?

a. To eliminate SCD by 2025

b. To provide free hydroxyurea to all patients

c. To eliminate SCD by 2047

d. To ensure all SCD patients receive BMT

Answer: c. To eliminate SCD by 2047 

India Supports Philippines’ Sovereignty, Sparks Beijing Response         

This development is significant as it demonstrates India’s active diplomatic engagement in the Indo-Pacific region and its support for the rule of law in international affairs. It also highlights the ongoing tension and the complex dynamics of sovereignty claims, regional stability, and the balance of power in the South China Sea.    

UPSC CSE Mains Question   

Analyze the strategic implications of India’s support for the Philippines’ sovereignty amidst maritime disputes in the South China Sea. Discuss the role of international law, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), in managing such disputes and ensuring regional stability in the Indo-Pacific.

  Why in the News?    

External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar’s affirmation of India’s support for the Philippines’ sovereignty during his visit to Manila has elicited a response from China, intensifying discussions on maritime sovereignty and international law, particularly in the context of the South China Sea disputes.   

Background  

Amid rising tensions between the Philippines and China over maritime disputes in the South China Sea, India’s External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar visited Manila, where he expressed India’s support for the Philippines’ sovereignty. This visit underscores India’s strategic engagements in the Indo-Pacific region and its stance on adhering to international law, specifically the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).  

Key Points of the News

1. Strategic Bilateral Engagements:
   • Jaishankar’s visit to Manila and his meetings with Philippine leaders highlight India’s commitment to strengthening bilateral relations and supporting sovereignty in the face of regional challenges.
2. Maritime Sovereignty and International Law:
   • The emphasis on UNCLOS by Jaishankar underlines India’s position on the importance of international law in resolving maritime disputes, implicitly critiquing China’s actions in the South China Sea.
3. Regional Security and Cooperation:
   • The visit, especially the engagement with the Indian Coast Guard and discussions on maritime cooperation, showcases India’s interest in promoting regional security, environmental protection, and adherence to international maritime norms.
4. Response from China:
   • China’s immediate reaction to Jaishankar’s comments reflects the sensitive nature of the South China Sea dispute and the broader geopolitical contestation between China and other countries asserting their maritime rights.

Important Terms Meaning

1. UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea):
   • An international treaty that outlines the legal framework for marine and maritime activities, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources.
2. Indo-Pacific:
   • A geopolitical term referring to the interconnected region that includes the western and central Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the countries that border them.
3. Sovereignty:
   • The full right and power of a governing body to govern itself without any interference from outside sources or bodies.

Way Forward  

Continued dialogue and adherence to international law, particularly UNCLOS, are crucial for resolving disputes in the South China Sea. It is essential for regional stability that nations involved, as well as external stakeholders, engage constructively and seek peaceful solutions to uphold sovereignty and promote security cooperation.   

UPSC CSE Prelims Question

1. What is the basis of India's stance on maritime disputes, as emphasized by External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar during his visit to the Philippines?

a. Bilateral treaties between India and the Philippines

b. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

c. India's strategic military alliances

d. Historical claims of sovereignty

Answer: b. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)



2. Which country's response was prompted by the External Affairs Minister's comments on supporting the Philippines' sovereignty?

a. Malaysia

b. Vietnam

c. Indonesia

d. China  

Answer: d. China

Oceanic Ambitions: India’s Quest for Cobalt and Strategic Minerals on the Ocean Floor           

This development underscores the growing importance of the Indian Ocean’s seabed resources in global strategic calculations. It also reflects the challenges and opportunities presented by international law in managing ocean resources amidst competing national interests.  

UPSC CSE Mains Question     

Discuss the strategic implications of seabed mining in the Indian Ocean region in the context of UNCLOS. Analyze how India’s application for exploration rights aligns with its maritime security interests and international legal frameworks.

 Why in the News?     

India has applied for rights to explore two tracts in the Indian Ocean seabed through the International Seabed Authority (ISBA), amid concerns over Chinese reconnaissance in the same region, highlighting the strategic competition in the Indian Ocean for valuable mineral resources.  

Background

The move to apply for exploration rights by India, specifically targeting the cobalt-rich Afanasy Nikitin Seamount (AN Seamount), comes as a strategic response to not only harness seabed mineral wealth but also to assert its presence in a region of geopolitical significance. The application aligns with concerns over China’s increasing maritime reconnaissance activities in areas of strategic interest to India and its neighbors.

Key Points of the News

1. Strategic Significance:
   • India’s application for seabed exploration rights is influenced by the strategic competition in the Indian Ocean, particularly with China’s increasing interest in the region.
2. Mineral Wealth:
   • The AN Seamount is highlighted for its rich deposits of valuable minerals like cobalt, nickel, manganese, and copper, essential for various industries, including electronics and renewable energy technologies.
3. Legal and Geopolitical Challenges:
   • The application process involves navigating complex international maritime law, as well as geopolitical considerations, especially given Sri Lanka’s overlapping claim and the presence of Chinese vessels.
4. UNCLOS and Continental Shelf Claims:
   • The role of UNCLOS and the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in determining the extent of a country’s rights to explore and exploit seabed resources is crucial, with specific provisions potentially affecting India and Sri Lanka’s claims.  

Important Terms Meaning

1. International Seabed Authority (ISBA):
   • An autonomous international organization established under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to organize, regulate and control all mineral-related activities in the international seabed area beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.
2. UNCLOS:
   • The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, an international treaty that provides a regulatory framework for the use of the world’s seas and oceans, ensuring the conservation and equitable usage of resources and the marine environment.
3. Continental Shelf:
   • The extended perimeter of each continent, which is submerged under relatively shallow seas and gulfs, where countries can claim exclusive rights to exploit mineral and marine resources up to 200 nautical miles, extendable under certain conditions.

Way Forward  

1. Diplomatic Engagement:
   • Strengthening diplomatic efforts with neighboring countries and key stakeholders to ensure collaborative approaches to exploration and resource management.
2. Scientific Research:
   • Enhancing scientific research and exploration capabilities to provide robust evidence for continental shelf claims and the sustainable exploitation of seabed resources.
3. Multilateral Cooperation:
   • Engaging in multilateral forums to advocate for equitable and environmentally sustainable seabed mining practices.

UPSC CSE Prelims Question

1. What is the primary reason for India's application for exploration rights in the Indian Ocean seabed?

a. To compete with Sri Lanka's claim

b. To challenge UNCLOS provisions

c. Due to concerns over Chinese reconnaissance

d. To solely exploit mineral wealth

Answer: c. Due to concerns over Chinese reconnaissance

2. Under the UNCLOS, how far can a country's continental shelf extend beyond its 200 nautical miles exclusive economic zone under certain conditions?

a. 250 nautical miles

b. 300 nautical miles

c. 350 nautical miles

d. No extension is allowed

Answer: c. 350 nautical miles    

Editorial Analysis (I) – The Pressure Cooker of Competitive Exams: Unpacking the Mental Health Toll on India’s Youth

By Sumant Kumar, (a Assistant Professor in the Alliance School of Liberal Arts, Alliance University)

1. Context
   • Sumant Kumar’s editorial highlights the alarming rates of student suicides in India, particularly focusing on the pressures faced by students preparing for competitive exams in Kota, Rajasthan. It addresses the systemic issues within the education system, societal and family expectations, and the urgent need for mental health support and reform.
2. Background
   • Kota, Rajasthan, has become synonymous with intensive coaching for entrance exams like the JEE and NEET, attracting over 200,000 aspirants annually. The editorial draws attention to the dire consequences of this high-pressure environment, evidenced by the increasing number of student suicides. It critiques the broader education system, societal norms, and family dynamics contributing to this crisis.
3. Important Terminology
   • Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) and National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (NEET): Competitive exams for engineering and medical courses in India, respectively.
   • Socio-academic climate: The intersection of societal expectations and academic pressures.
   • Accidental Deaths and Suicides in India 2022 report: A report by the National Crime Records Bureau highlighting suicide statistics among Indian students.
4. In-Depth Analysis
   • Systemic Failures in Education
     • The editorial underscores the competitive nature of India’s education system, characterized by limited government-run institutions, high private institution fees, and an overemphasis on rote learning. This system perpetuates a cycle of stress, pushing students towards extreme measures.
   • Societal and Family Pressures
     • Kumar discusses how changing family dynamics and societal expectations exacerbate student mental health issues. The pressure to conform to high academic standards, often against a student’s personal interests, leads to a sense of failure and isolation.
5. Significance
   • This editorial is significant for shedding light on a pervasive issue within Indian society that has long-term implications for the country’s youth and overall development. It serves as a call to action for policymakers, educators, and society to address the systemic and societal factors contributing to student suicides.
6. Concluding Thoughts
   • Kumar’s editorial is a poignant reminder of the need for systemic reform in education, better mental health support, and a shift in societal attitudes towards academic success. It calls for a collective effort to nurture a supportive and empathetic environment for students.
7. Way Forward   
   • The way forward includes implementing comprehensive mental health programs in educational institutions, reforming the education system to focus on holistic development, and fostering open communication within families about academic and career aspirations. Society must prioritize well-being over academic achievement to prevent further tragedies.

Editorial Analysis (II) –The Cycle of Opportunity: Empowering India’s Youth and Workers Through Bicycles       

By  Rahul Goel, (a Assistant Professor at the Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi)

1. Context
   • Rahul Goel’s editorial advocates for the recognition of cycling not just as a transport issue but as a matter of social justice in India. It examines the resilience of cycling amidst growing car ownership, the transformative impact of bicycle distribution schemes (BDS) on students, especially in rural areas, and calls for enhanced state support and infrastructure for cyclists to address social and urban challenges.
2. Background
   • The editorial discusses the state of cycling in India, where despite the surge in car-centric road infrastructure, cycling has shown surprising resilience. This resilience is framed within the broader context of decarbonizing transport and, more critically, as an issue of social justice with significant implications for access to education and employment, especially among the underprivileged.
3. Important Terminology
   • Bicycle Distribution Schemes (BDS): Programs implemented by various state governments in India to provide free bicycles to students, aimed at increasing school attendance and reducing dropout rates.
   • National Family Health Surveys: Surveys conducted to collect detailed information on health and family welfare across India.National Sample Survey Organisation surveys: A series of surveys designed to gather data on various socioeconomic indicators across India.
   • Social justice: The concept of fair and just relations between the individual and society, measured through the distribution of wealth, opportunities for personal activity, and social privileges.
4. In-depth Analysis
   • Data-Driven Insights
     • The editorial uses data from National Family Health Surveys and National Sample Survey Organisation surveys to highlight the increase in cycle ownership and its use for commuting to school. The significant increase in cycling in states with BDS schemes underscores the latent demand for cycling as a means of transport.
   • Social Outcomes of Cycling
     • Goel emphasizes the profound impact of cycling on social outcomes, particularly for children’s education. The BDS in Bihar and the Sabooj Saathi scheme in West Bengal are cited as successful initiatives that have increased school enrollment and attendance, especially among girls. Additionally, the editorial discusses an experiment in Bengaluru, illustrating the potential for cycling to empower low-income women by facilitating easier access to work.
5. Significance
   • The editorial is significant for its comprehensive examination of cycling in India from a social justice perspective. It highlights the potential of cycling to address issues of access to education and employment, especially for the underprivileged, and calls for systemic changes to support this mode of transport.
6. Concluding Thoughts
   • Rahul Goel’s editorial is a compelling call to action for recognizing cycling as a critical issue of social justice and environmental sustainability. It underscores the need for policy interventions, infrastructure development, and societal support to promote cycling, which could have transformative impacts on the lives of many Indians.   
7. Way Forward   
   • The way forward involves a multi-faceted approach that includes expanding BDS schemes to more states and urban areas, developing dedicated cycling infrastructure in cities, and integrating cycling into the broader agenda of social justice and sustainable transport policies. Political parties and policymakers must recognize the potential of cycling to contribute to a more equitable and environmentally sustainable future.